DEUTSCHE
SINFONIE, op. 50 (1936-58)
By Misha Donat
In July 1935
Hanns Eisler wrote enthusiastically to Bertolt Brecht from Moscow, about an
idea he had had for a new work:
I want to
write a large symphony which will have the subtitle ‘Concentration Camp Symphony.’
In some passages a chorus will be used as well, although it is basically an
orchestral work. And I certainly want to use your two poems ‘Burial of the
agitator in a zinc coffin’ (this will become the middle section of a
large-scale funeral march) and ‘To the prisoners in the concentration camps.’
By this time
Eisler had already been a fugitive from Nazi Germany for two years, during
which he had traveled almost continuously, both in Europe and in America. He
composed the first two movements of what was to become his German Symphony in
the summer of 1936, in London. They were submitted to the jury of the
International Society for Contemporary Music, whose fifteenth festival was
planned to coincide with the Paris World Exhibition, in the following year.
Eisler was awarded the prize for the most outstanding work; but before
arrangements for a performance could be finalized, the Nazis intervened. The
chairman of the jury, Jacques Ibert, proposed a compromise whereby saxophones
would be substituted for the chorus, so that Brecht’s offending texts would not
be heard. (Whether Ibert had spotted the presence of the communist
Internationale on the trumpets in Eisler’s opening movement is doubtful.)
Eisler, needless to say, refused.
By the time of
the ISCM fiasco, Eisler had written six more movements of his symphony. The
first of them to be composed, “In Sonnenburg,” continues the concentration camp
theme; but as Eisler worked further on his magnum opus, it became not only a
protest against the camps themselves, but also a wider indictment of fascism.
The purely orchestral sixth and tenth movements were added in 1939 and 1947
(though Eisler had begun work on the latter piece eleven years earlier), and
the tiny epilogue in 1958. Finally, the instrumental content of the work was
further increased by the insertion of the Etude for orchestra–originally
written in 1930, as the “Aural Training Exercise” finale of Eisler’s First
Suite for orchestra–to form the symphony’s third movement. Taken together,
these three non-vocal movements form what can be heard as a symphony within a
cantata, with the second of them standing simultaneously for slow movement and
scherzo (its solemn outer sections enclose a quick, scherzo-like interlude).
The two later movements both have a recapitulatory function, clearly drawing
together the threads of what might have run the risk of being too heterogeneous
a work. The Intermezzo, which arose as Eisler’s repugnant reaction to Stalin’s
non-aggression pact with Hitler, uses the same twelve-note row as the setting
of Brecht’s “To the Fighters in the Concentration Camps”; while in the Allegro
tenth movement the trombone and trumpet transform the opening threnody of the
symphony’s Prelude into an ironic dance of jubilation.
The German
Symphony is designed to have the effect of a gradual crescendo, from the
smaller scale and leaner textures of its opening movements, towards the complex
and more expansive cantata movements (Nos.8 and 9), and the symphonic Allegro
that follows them. The slow Prelude begins and ends with the sound of strings
alone, and reaches its climax with the simultaneous sounding of the themes of
the Internationale on the trumpets, and the revolutionary song “Unsterbliche
Opfer” (“Immortal Sacrifice”) on the trombones. The second movement unfolds as
a passacaglia: beneath the clarinet’s opening twelve-note melody, the cellos
and basses give out the passacaglia theme–a transformation of the time-honored
B-A-C-H motif, in repeated eighth-notes.
Following the
orchestral Etude, the setting of “Remembrance (Potsdam)” begins as a distant
slow march, with the sound of military percussion, and a twelve-note theme
given out by the muted horn, and ends with a sudden surge of energy and
violence (the dispersal of the procession by the police in Brecht’s poem). The
stanzas of “In Sonnenburg” (No.5) are punctuated by the violent motif of its
opening bar (at the climax of the piece the singer is instructed to give the
fascist salute); while the equally ironic “Burial of the agitator in a zinc
coffin” is the funeral march to which Eisler referred in his letter to Brecht.
The first
three sections of the “Peasant Cantata” (No.8) adapt texts not by Brecht, but
from the novel Bread and Wine by the Italian writer Ignazio Silone, in disfavor
with the Soviet authorities ever since his outspoken opposition to the Moscow
show trials of the early 1930s. (For this reason, Silone’s name does not appear
in the published edition of the score.) The last of these sections is a
remarkable melodrama–a whispered dialogue against the background of hummed
notes from the chorus, and mysterious, rapidly repeated notes on the strings.
The “Worker’s Cantata” that follows is the longest single movement of the
work–a piece of symphonic proportions in itself, and one that absorbs the
elements of a Mahlerian march. After the equally forceful orchestral
Allegro–one of Eisler’s most impressive achievements–the Epilogue has the
effect of a post-echo. Eisler may well have added it in tribute to Brecht, who
had died in 1956. At the same time, its subject matter clearly recalls that of
the symphony’s Prelude, with its lament for Germany’s lost sons.
Allegro for Orchestra/Hanns Eisler
ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ op.50 (1936-58)
Από
τον Misha Donat (Μίσσα Ντόνατ)
Τον
Ιούλιο 1935 ο Hanns Eisler έγραψε με ενθουσιασμό για τον Μπέρτολτ Μπρεχτ από τη
Μόσχα, σχετικά με μία ιδέα που είχε για ένα νέο έργο :
Θέλω
να γράψω μια μεγάλη συμφωνία που θα έχει τον τίτλο. "Συμφωνία για τα Στρατόπεδα Συγκέντρωσης"
.
Σε ορισμένα σημεία θα χρησιμοποιηθεί χορωδία, παρότι πρόκειται ουσιαστικά για
ένα ορχηστρικό έργο. Και σίγουρα θέλω να χρησιμοποιήσω τα δύο σου ποιήματα
«Ταφή του αναδευτήρα σε ένα φέρετρο από ψευδάργυρο» (αυτό θα γίνει το μεσαίο
τμήμα ενός μεγάλου επικήδειου εμβατηρίου) και το «Στους κρατούμενους στα
στρατόπεδα συγκέντρωσης».
Όταν
τα έγγραφε αυτά, ο Eisler ήταν ήδη για δύο χρόνια φυγάς της Ναζιστικής
Γερμανίας, κατά τη διάρκεια των οποίων ταξίδευε συνέχεια, τόσο στην Αμερική όσο
και στην Ευρώπη. Συνέθεσε τα πρώτα δύο κομμάτια του έργου, που στη συνέχεια, το
1936 στο Λονδίνο, θα ονόμαζε Γερμανική Συμφωνία. Τα δύο αυτά κομμάτια στάλθηκαν
στους κριτές της Διεθνούς Εταιρείας Σύγχρονης Μουσικής, της οποίας το φεστιβάλ
θα διεξαγόταν ταυτόχρονα με τη Διεθνή Έκθεση Παρισιού τον επόμενο χρόνο. Στον Eisler απονεμήθηκε το βραβείο για το καλύτερο
έργο, αλλά πριν το έργο παιχτεί παρενέβησαν οι Ναζί. Ο πρόεδρος της επιτροπής Jacques Ibert, πρότεινε έναν συμβιβασμό, όπου σαξόφωνα
θα αντικαθιστούσαν τη χορωδία προκειμένου να μην ακουστούν τα προσβλητικά
κείμενα του Μπρεχτ. Όπως ήταν λογικό ο Eisler αρνήθηκε.
Μέχρι
που προκλήθηκε το φιάσκο με τη Διεθνή Εταιρεία Σύγχρονης Μουσικής, ο Eisler είχε ήδη γράψει έξι ακόμα μέρη της συμφωνίας
του. Το πρώτο από αυτά που συντέθηκε, το “In Sonnenburg”, συνεχίζει με το μοτίβο των
στρατοπέδων συγκέντρωσης, αλλά καθώς ο Eisler συνέχιζε να δουλεύει πάνω στο magnus opus,
εν τέλει, δεν αποτέλεσε απλά μία διαμαρτυρία ενάντια στα στρατόπεδα συγκέντρωσης αλλά, και ένα κατηγορώ εναντίον του φασισμού. Τα πλήρως ορχηστρικά κομμάτια, το
6ο και το 10ο, προστέθηκαν το 1939 και το 1947 αντίστοιχα
(παρότι ο Eisler
είχε αρχίσει να δουλεύει το 10ο μέρος εφτά χρόνια νωρίτερα) και ο
μικρός επίλογος το 1958. Τέλος, το μουσικό περιεχόμενο αυξήθηκε με την προσθήκη
της «Σπουδής για Ορχήστρα», η οποία απετέλεσε το 3ο μέρος της
συμφωνίας.
ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΕΣ λεπτομέρειες για τη δομή του έργου, διαβάστε στο αγγλικό κείμενο.
